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Maintenance

Best Practices

Run multiple Kubernetes clusters. Run across platforms. Plan for regional and cloud outages.
Require applications be platform agnostic. Moving an application between a Kubernetes AWS cluster and a Kubernetes bare-metal cluster should be normal.
Strive to make single-cluster outages tolerable. Practice performing failovers.
Strive to make single-cluster outages a non-event. Load balance applications between multiple clusters, automate failover behaviors, and adjust alerting behaviors.

Versioning

Typhoon provides tagged releases to allow clusters to be versioned using ordinary Terraform configs.

module "google-cloud-yavin" {
  source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//google-cloud/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.8.6"
  ...
}

module "bare-metal-mercury" {
  source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//bare-metal/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.11.1"
  ...
}

Master is updated regularly, so it is recommended to pin modules to a release tag or commit hash. Pinning ensures terraform get --update only fetches the desired version.

Upgrades

Typhoon recommends upgrading clusters using a blue-green replacement strategy and migrating workloads.

Launch new (candidate) clusters from tagged releases
Apply workloads from existing cluster(s)
Evaluate application health and performance
Migrate application traffic to the new cluster
Compare metrics and delete old cluster when ready

Blue-green replacement reduces risk for clusters running critical applications. Candidate clusters allow baseline properties of clusters to be assessed (e.g. pod-to-pod bandwidth). Applying application workloads allows health to be assessed before being subjected to traffic (e.g. detect any changes in Kubernetes behavior between versions). Migration to the new cluster can be controlled according to requirements. Migration may mean updating DNS records to resolve the new cluster's ingress or may involve a load balancer gradually shifting traffic to the new cluster "backend". Retain the old cluster for a time to compare metrics or for fallback if issues arise.

Blue-green replacement provides some subtler benefits as well:

Encourages investment in tooling for traffic migration and failovers. When a cluster incident arises, shifting applications to a healthy cluster will be second nature.
Discourages reliance on in-place opqaue state. Retain confidence in your ability to create infrastructure from scratch.
Allows Typhoon to make architecture changes between releases and eases the burden on Typhoon maintainers. By contrast, distros promising in-place upgrades get stuck with their mistakes or require complex and error-prone migrations.

Bare-Metal

Typhoon bare-metal clusters are provisioned by a PXE-enabled network boot environment and a Matchbox service. To upgrade, re-provision machines into a new cluster.

Failover application workloads to another cluster (varies).

kubectl config use-context other-context
kubectl apply -f mercury -R
# DNS or load balancer changes

Power off bare-metal machines and set their next boot device to PXE.

ipmitool -H node1.example.com -U USER -P PASS power off
ipmitool -H node1.example.com -U USER -P PASS chassis bootdev pxe

Delete or comment the Terraform config for the cluster.

- module "bare-metal-mercury" {
-   source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//bare-metal/container-linux/kubernetes"
-   ...
-}

Apply to delete old provisioning configs from Matchbox.

$ terraform apply  
Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 55 destroyed.

Re-provision a new cluster by following the bare-metal tutorial.

Cloud

Create a new cluster following the tutorials. Failover application workloads to the new cluster (varies).

kubectl config use-context other-context
kubectl apply -f mercury -R
# DNS or load balancer changes

Once you're confident in the new cluster, delete the Terraform config for the old cluster.

- module "google-cloud-yavin" {
-   source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//google-cloud/container-linux/kubernetes"
-   ...
-}

Apply to delete the cluster.

$ terraform apply  
Apply complete! Resources: 0 added, 0 changed, 55 destroyed.

Alternatives

In-place Edits

Typhoon uses a self-hosted Kubernetes control plane which allows certain manifest upgrades to be performed in-place. Components like apiserver, controller-manager, scheduler, flannel/calico, coredns, and kube-proxy are run on Kubernetes itself and can be edited via kubectl. If you're interested, see the bootkube upgrade docs.

In certain scenarios, in-place edits can be useful for quickly rolling out security patches (e.g. bumping coredns) or prioritizing speed over the safety of a proper cluster re-provision and transition.

!!! note Rarely, we may test certain security in-place edits and mention them as an option in release notes.

!!! warning Typhoon does not support or document in-place edits as an upgrade strategy. They involve inherent risks and we choose not to make recommendations or guarentees about the safety of different in-place upgrades. Its explicitly a non-goal.

Node Replacement

Typhoon supports multi-controller clusters, so it is possible to upgrade a cluster by deleting and replacing nodes one by one.

!!! warning Typhoon does not support or document node replacement as an upgrade strategy. It limits Typhoon's ability to make infrastructure and architectural changes between tagged releases.

Terraform v0.11.x

Terraform v0.10.x to v0.11.x introduced breaking changes in the provider and module inheritance relationship that you MUST be aware of when upgrading to the v0.11.x terraform binary. Terraform now allows multiple named (i.e. aliased) copies of a provider to exist (e.g aws.default, aws.somename). Terraform now also requires providers be explicitly passed to modules in order to satisfy module version contraints (which Typhoon modules define). Full details can be found in typhoon#77 and hashicorp#16824.

In particular, after upgrading to the v0.11.x terraform binary, you'll notice:

terraform plan does not succeed and prompts for variables when it didn't before
terraform plan does not succeed and mentions "provider configuration block is required for all operations"
terraform apply fails when you comment or remove a module usage in order to delete a cluster

New users

New users can start with Terraform v0.11.x and follow the Typhoon docs without issue.

Existing

Users who used modules to create clusters with Terraform v0.10.x and still manage those clusters via Terraform must explicitly add each provider used in provider.tf:

provider "local" {
  version = "~> 1.0"
  alias = "default"
}

provider "null" {
  version = "~> 1.0"
  alias = "default"
}

provider "template" {
  version = "~> 1.0"
  alias = "default"
}

provider "tls" {
  version = "~> 1.0"
  alias = "default"
}

Modify the google, aws, or digitalocean provider section to specify an explicit alias name.

provider "digitalocean" {
  version = "0.1.2"
  token = "${chomp(file("~/.config/digital-ocean/token"))}"
  alias = "default"
}

!!! note In these examples, we've chosen to name each provider "default", though the point of the Terraform changes is that other possibilities are possible.

Edit each instance (i.e. usage) of a module and explicitly pass the providers.

module "aws-cluster" {
  source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//aws/container-linux/kubernetes"
  
  providers = {
    aws = "aws.default"
    local = "local.default"
    null = "null.default"
    template = "template.default"
    tls = "tls.default"
  }

  cluster_name = "somename"

Re-run terraform plan. Plan will claim there are no changes to apply. Run terraform apply anyway as this will update Terraform state to be aware of the explicit provider versions.

Verify

You should now be able to run terraform plan without errors. When you choose, you may comment or delete a module from Terraform configs and terraform apply should destroy the cluster correctly.

terraform-provider-ct v0.2.1

Typhoon requires updating the terraform-provider-ct plugin installed on your system from v0.2.0 to v0.2.1.

Check your ~/.terraformrc to find your current terraform-provider-ct plugin.

providers {
  ct = "/usr/local/bin/terraform-provider-ct"
}

Make a backup copy. Install terraform-provider-ct v0.2.1.

wget https://github.com/coreos/terraform-provider-ct/releases/download/v0.2.1/terraform-provider-ct-v0.2.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-ct-v0.2.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo mv terraform-provider-ct-v0.2.1-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-ct /usr/local/bin/

Re-initialize Terraform configs which have Typhoon cluster resources.

cd clusters
terraform init

Verify Terraform does not produce a diff related to Container Linux provisioning.

terraform plan

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