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DigitalOcean

In this tutorial, we'll create a Kubernetes v1.27.4 cluster on DigitalOcean with Fedora CoreOS.

We'll declare a Kubernetes cluster using the Typhoon Terraform module. Then apply the changes to create controller droplets, worker droplets, DNS records, tags, and TLS assets.

Controller hosts are provisioned to run an etcd-member peer and a kubelet service. Worker hosts run a kubelet service. Controller nodes run kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler, kube-controller-manager, and coredns, while kube-proxy and calico (or flannel) run on every node. A generated kubeconfig provides kubectl access to the cluster.

Requirements

Digital Ocean Account and Token
Digital Ocean Domain (registered Domain Name or delegated subdomain)
Terraform v0.13.0+

Terraform Setup

Install Terraform v0.13.0+ on your system.

$ terraform version
Terraform v1.0.0

Read concepts to learn about Terraform, modules, and organizing resources. Change to your infrastructure repository (e.g. infra).

cd infra/clusters

Provider

Generate a Personal Access Token with read/write scope from the API tab. Write the token to a file that can be referenced in configs.

mkdir -p ~/.config/digital-ocean
echo "TOKEN" > ~/.config/digital-ocean/token

Configure the DigitalOcean provider to use your token in a providers.tf file.

provider "digitalocean" {
  token = "${chomp(file("~/.config/digital-ocean/token"))}"
}

provider "ct" {}

terraform {
  required_providers {
    ct = {
      source  = "poseidon/ct"
      version = "0.13.0"
    }
    digitalocean = {
      source = "digitalocean/digitalocean"
      version = "2.27.1"
    }
  }
}

Fedora CoreOS Images

Fedora CoreOS publishes images for DigitalOcean, but does not yet upload them. DigitalOcean allows custom images to be uploaded via URL or file.

Import a Fedora CoreOS image via URL to desired a region(s).

data "digitalocean_image" "fedora-coreos-31-20200323-3-2" {
  name = "fedora-coreos-31.20200323.3.2-digitalocean.x86_64.qcow2.gz"
}

Set the os_image in the next step.

Cluster

Define a Kubernetes cluster using the module digital-ocean/fedora-coreos/kubernetes.

module "nemo" {
  source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//digital-ocean/fedora-coreos/kubernetes?ref=v1.27.4"

  # Digital Ocean
  cluster_name = "nemo"
  region       = "nyc3"
  dns_zone     = "digital-ocean.example.com"

  # configuration
  os_image         = data.digitalocean_image.fedora-coreos-31-20200323-3-2.id
  ssh_fingerprints = ["d7:9d:79:ae:56:32:73:79:95:88:e3:a2:ab:5d:45:e7"]

  # optional
  worker_count = 2
}

Reference the variables docs or the variables.tf source.

ssh-agent

Initial bootstrapping requires bootstrap.service be started on one controller node. Terraform uses ssh-agent to automate this step. Add your SSH private key to ssh-agent.

ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
ssh-add -L

Apply

Initialize the config directory if this is the first use with Terraform.

terraform init

Plan the resources to be created.

$ terraform plan
Plan: 54 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.

Apply the changes to create the cluster.

$ terraform apply
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (30s elapsed)
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Provisioning with 'remote-exec'...
...
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m20s elapsed)
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Creation complete (ID: 7599298447329218468)

Apply complete! Resources: 42 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.

In 3-6 minutes, the Kubernetes cluster will be ready.

Verify

Install kubectl on your system. Obtain the generated cluster kubeconfig from module outputs (e.g. write to a local file).

resource "local_file" "kubeconfig-nemo" {
  content  = module.nemo.kubeconfig-admin
  filename = "/home/user/.kube/configs/nemo-config"
}

List nodes in the cluster.

$ export KUBECONFIG=/home/user/.kube/configs/nemo-config
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME               STATUS  ROLES   AGE  VERSION
10.132.110.130     Ready   <none>  10m  v1.27.4
10.132.115.81      Ready   <none>  10m  v1.27.4
10.132.124.107     Ready   <none>  10m  v1.27.4

List the pods.

NAMESPACE     NAME                                       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
kube-system   coredns-1187388186-ld1j7                   1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   coredns-1187388186-rdhf7                   1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   calico-node-1m5bf                          2/2       Running   0          11m
kube-system   calico-node-7jmr1                          2/2       Running   0          11m
kube-system   calico-node-bknc8                          2/2       Running   0          11m
kube-system   kube-apiserver-ip-10.132.115.81            1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   kube-controller-manager-ip-10.132.115.81   1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   kube-proxy-6kxjf                           1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   kube-proxy-fh3td                           1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   kube-proxy-k35rc                           1/1       Running   0          11m
kube-system   kube-scheduler-ip-10.132.115.81            1/1       Running   0          11m

Going Further

Learn about maintenance and addons.

Variables

Check the variables.tf source.

Required

Name	Description	Example
cluster_name	Unique cluster name (prepended to dns_zone)	"nemo"
region	Digital Ocean region	"nyc1", "sfo2", "fra1", tor1"
dns_zone	Digital Ocean domain (i.e. DNS zone)	"do.example.com"
os_image	Fedora CoreOS image for instances	"custom-image-id"
ssh_fingerprints	SSH public key fingerprints	["d7:9d..."]

DNS Zone

Clusters create DNS A records ${cluster_name}.${dns_zone} to resolve to controller droplets (round robin). This FQDN is used by workers and kubectl to access the apiserver(s). In this example, the cluster's apiserver would be accessible at nemo.do.example.com.

You'll need a registered domain name or delegated subdomain in DigitalOcean Domains (i.e. DNS zones). You can set this up once and create many clusters with unique names.

# Declare a DigitalOcean record to also create a zone file
resource "digitalocean_domain" "zone-for-clusters" {
  name       = "do.example.com"
  ip_address = "8.8.8.8"
}

!!! tip "" If you have an existing domain name with a zone file elsewhere, just delegate a subdomain that can be managed on DigitalOcean (e.g. do.mydomain.com) and update nameservers.

SSH Fingerprints

DigitalOcean droplets are created with your SSH public key "fingerprint" (i.e. MD5 hash) to allow access. If your SSH public key is at ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub, find the fingerprint with,

ssh-keygen -E md5 -lf ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub | awk '{print $2}'
MD5:d7:9d:79:ae:56:32:73:79:95:88:e3:a2:ab:5d:45:e7

If you use ssh-agent (e.g. Yubikey for SSH), find the fingerprint with,

ssh-add -l -E md5
256 MD5:20:d0:eb:ad:50:b0:09:6d:4b:ba:ad:7c:9c:c1:39:24 foo@xample.com (ED25519)

Digital Ocean requires the SSH public key be uploaded to your account, so you may also find the fingerprint under Settings -> Security. Finally, if you don't have an SSH key, create one now.

Optional

Name	Description	Default	Example
controller_count	Number of controllers (i.e. masters)	1	1
worker_count	Number of workers	1	3
controller_type	Droplet type for controllers	"s-2vcpu-2gb"	s-2vcpu-2gb, s-2vcpu-4gb, s-4vcpu-8gb, ...
worker_type	Droplet type for workers	"s-1vcpu-2gb"	s-1vcpu-2gb, s-2vcpu-2gb, ...
controller_snippets	Controller Butane snippets	[]	example
worker_snippets	Worker Butane snippets	[]	example
networking	Choice of networking provider	"cilium"	"calico" or "cilium" or "flannel"
pod_cidr	CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes pods	"10.2.0.0/16"	"10.22.0.0/16"
service_cidr	CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes services	"10.3.0.0/16"	"10.3.0.0/24"

Check the list of valid droplet types or use doctl compute size list.

!!! warning Do not choose a controller_type smaller than 2GB. Smaller droplets are not sufficient for running a controller and bootstrapping will fail.

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