en and fr python3 courses

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/base-type.txt

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+Base types
+==========
+
+- types_
+
+.. _types: https://realpython.com/python-data-types/
+
+
+Python is dynamically typed
+----------------------------
+
+it means
+
+- variables don't have fixed type, the types can change
+- the variable's type is specified at runtime during the assignment
+
+>>> a = 1
+>>> type(a)
+<class 'int'>
+>>> a = 2.
+>>> a
+2.0
+>>> type(a)
+<class 'float'>
+>>> b = "b"
+>>> type(b)
+<class 'str'>
+>>> c = "3"
+>>> type(c)
+<class 'str'>
+>>> int(c)
+3
+>>> c2 = int(c)
+>>> c2
+3
+>>> type(c2)
+<class 'int'>
+>>>
+
+Some builtin types
+------------------
+
+base types:
+
+- integer,
+- float,
+- string,
+- boolean
+
+base container types:
+
+- list,
+- dictionnary,
+- set
+
+list type sample::
+
+    >>> l = range(10)
+    >>> l
+    range(0, 10)
+    >>> for i in l:
+    ...   print(i)
+    ...
+    0
+    (...)
+    9
+
+dictionary type sample::
+
+    >>> d = dict(a=2, b=5)
+    >>> d
+    {'b': 5, 'a': 2}
+    >>> type(d)
+    <class 'dict'>
+
+a dict **is not** a ordered type. If you need an ordered dict, use a more
+advanced collection type like an ordered dict
+
+>>> from collections import OrderedDict
+>>> d = OrderedDict({'banana': 3, 'apple': 4, 'pear': 1, 'orange': 2})
+>>> d
+OrderedDict([('orange', 2), ('apple', 4), ('banana', 3), ('pear', 1)])
+>>>
+
+set sample::
+
+    >>> set(range(10))
+    {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
+
+a set **is not** ordered
+
+    >>> s = set(range(10))
+    >>> 3 in s
+    True
+
+Mutable types and non-mutable types
+-------------------------------------
+
+A set is immutable, whereas a list is mutable::
+
+    >>> s = set([1,2])
+    >>> l = [1,2]
+    >>> l.append(3)
+    >>> list(l)
+    [1, 2, 3]
+    >>> s.append(3)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    AttributeError: 'set' object has no attribute 'append'
+    >>>
+
+A string is immutable. If you want to modify it, build another string:
+
+    >>> s = "hello"
+    >>> s.replace('ll', 'bb')
+    'hebbo'
+    >>> s+"you"
+    'helloyou'
+    >>> s
+    'hello'
+
+you can see that s hasn't changed.
+
+Even base types are objects
+---------------------------
+
+It means that in python, classes are types (let's understand it like that at first glance)
+
+    >>> a = 2
+    >>> isinstance(a, int)
+    True
+    >>> s = "a"
+    >>> dir(s)
+    ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__',
+    '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__',
+    (...)
+    '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', ]
+
+`s` has methods. It's an objects. The type of s is the class `int`.
+
+    >>> d = {'banana': 3, 'apple': 4, 'pear': 1, 'orange': 2}
+    >>> isinstance(d, dict)
+    True
+    >>>
+
+special methods: the iterator sample
+
+>>> l = range(10)
+>>> for i in l:
+...   print(i)
+
+We can use the `for` statement only because the `list` type has a special `__iter__`
+method::
+
+    >>> l.__iter__()
+    <range_iterator object at 0x7f28b76e1e10>
+    >>>
+
+we will see the special methods later.

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/base-type2.txt

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+Let's play with builtin types
+=============================
+
+- type int, float, bool, str
+- type sequence list, tuple
+- type dict
+
+- list.append
+- dict...
+
+- strings_
+- formating_
+
+.. _strings: https://realpython.com/python-strings/
+.. _formating: https://realpython.com/python-string-formatting/
+
+The prompt is a calculator
+---------------------------
+
+>>> x = 1
+>>> y =2
+>>> x > y
+False
+>>> x == y
+False
+>>> x != y
+True
+
+The strings
+-----------
+
+>>> s = "bla bla"
+'bla bla'
+>>> s = 'bla bla'
+'bla bla'
+>>> s = " 'bli bli' "
+>>> s
+" 'bli bli' "
+>>> s = """ sdfsdf "bla bla" sdfsdf"""
+>>> s
+' sdfsdf "bla bla" sdfsdf'
+>>>
+>>> s = "bla bla"
+>>> m = "hu hu"
+>>> s + m
+'bla blahu hu'
+>>> m * 3
+'hu huhu huhu hu'
+>>>
+>>> len(m)
+5
+>>>
+>>> m[3]
+'h'
+>>> m[3:5]
+'hu'
+>>>
+
+play with `lower()`, `upper()`, `strip()`, `title()`
+`index()`, `find()`, `replace()`
+
+
+
+String templating
+-----------------
+
+>>> s = "ssdfsdf {0} sdfsdfsdf {1}".format("blah", "blih")
+
+>>> s= 'a'
+>>> t = "abc"
+>>> t.startswith("a")
+True
+>>> l = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+>>> "-".join(l)
+'a-b-c'
+>>>

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/cipher.txt

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+A simple cipher
+===============
+
+.. currentmodule:: src
+
+.. module:: cipher
+
+
+The :mod:`cipher` module
+------------------------
+
+.. data:: domain
+
+    Set domain = string.digits if you want to work with
+    integers instead of printable letters -- or experiment
+    with other domains
+
+
+.. function:: mkcode
+
+    Return a string containing the elements in domain
+    randomly permuted
+
+
+.. function:: mkdict
+
+    Turns domain + secretkey into a dictionary of
+    substitution pairs
+
+:src:`cipher`
+

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/codingstandards.txt

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+Coding standards
+================
+
+
+Standard programming recommendations
+---------------------------------------
+
+
+pep8_
+
+.. _pep8: https://pep8.org/
+
+
+https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
+
+You can validate against the coding standards in your editor or with the pep8 executable.
+
+::
+
+   pep8 <mon_fichier.py>

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/dicttype.txt

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+Dict types
+==========
+
+
+
+

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/documenting.txt

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+Technical an user documentation
+================================
+
+- documenting_
+
+.. _documenting: https://realpython.com/documenting-python-code/
+
+The sphinx_ tool is a subset of docutils_
+
+.. _sphinx: http://sphinx-doc.org/
+.. _docutils: http://docutils.sf.net
+
+
+Documenting a function
+------------------------
+
+**Info field lists**
+
+Inside Python object description directives, reST field lists with these fields are recognized and formatted nicely:
+
+- param, parameter, arg, argument, key, keyword: Description of a parameter.
+- type: Type of a parameter. Creates a link if possible.
+- raises, raise, except, exception: That (and when) a specific exception is raised.
+- var: Description of a variable.
+- vartype: Type of a variable. Creates a link if possible.
+- returns, return: Description of the return value.
+- rtype: Return type. Creates a link if possible.
+
+The field names must consist of one of these keywords and an argument (except for returns and rtype, which do not need an argument). This is best explained by an example:
+
+
+::
+
+    .. py:function:: send_message(sender, recipient, message_body, [priority=1])
+
+       Send a message to a recipient
+
+       :param str sender: The person sending the message
+       :param str recipient: The recipient of the message
+       :param str message_body: The body of the message
+       :param priority: The priority of the message, can be a number 1-5
+       :type priority: integer or None
+       :return: the message id
+       :rtype: int
+       :raises ValueError: if the message_body exceeds 160 characters
+       :raises TypeError: if the message_body is not a basestring
+
+
+This will render like this with spinx-doc:
+
+.. py:function:: send_message(sender, recipient, message_body, [priority=1])
+
+   Send a message to a recipient
+
+   :param str sender: The person sending the message
+   :param str recipient: The recipient of the message
+   :param str message_body: The body of the message
+   :param priority: The priority of the message, can be a number 1-5
+   :type priority: integer or None
+   :return: the message id
+   :rtype: int
+   :raises ValueError: if the message_body exceeds 160 characters
+   :raises TypeError: if the message_body is not a basestring
+
+It is also possible to combine parameter type and description, if the type is
+a single word, like this::
+
+    :param int priority: The priority of the message, can be a number 1-5
+
+Container types such as lists and dictionaries can be linked automatically
+using the following syntax::
+
+    :type priorities: list(int)
+    :type priorities: list[int]
+    :type mapping: dict(str, int)
+    :type mapping: dict[str, int]
+    :type point: tuple(float, float)
+    :type point: tuple[float, float]
+
+Multiple types in a type field will be linked automatically if separated by
+the word “or”::
+
+    :type an_arg: int or None
+    :vartype a_var: str or int
+    :rtype: float or str

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/duration.txt

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+duration
+=========
+
+
+The "timeit" module lets you measure the execution
+time of small bits of Python code
+
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../src/duration.py

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/functype.txt

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+Functions
+=========
+
+
+
+Function argument unpacking
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../src/functype.py
+

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/getting-started.txt

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+Getting started
+===============
+
+
+Installation
+-------------
+
+Have a look at the python_ website.
+
+.. _python: http://www.python.org
+
+
+Hello world
+-----------
+
+::
+
+    python -c "print 'hello'"
+
+Opening a python prompt::
+
+    >>> print("hello world")
+    hello world
+
+.. code-block:: python
+   :caption: hello.py
+   :name: hello-py
+
+    import sys
+
+    name = sys.argv[1]
+    print("Hello, {0}".format(name))
+
+
+starting a web server::
+
+    python3 -m http.server 8080
+
+importing a module
+
+>>> import this
+Beautiful is better than ugly.
+Explicit is better than implicit.
+Simple is better than complex.
+Complex is better than complicated.
+
+use the builtin help
+
+>>> help(function)
+
+
+Configure your prompt
+---------------------
+
+Set your path or install a good prompt like `ipython <https://ipython.org/ipython-doc/2/install/install.html>`_
+
+
+.. envvar:: PYTHONPATH
+
+    defaults on the current directory
+    you can add a path to point to some other library
+
+put this in your `.bashrc` (under linux), under windows... I don't know:
+
+::
+
+    export PYTHONPATH:`pwd`
+
+    export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:'/usr/share':'/toto/titi/tata'
+
+    alias pyenv='export PYTHONPATH=`pwd`:$PYTHONPATH'
+
+    export PYTHONSTARTUP='/home/gwen/.pystartup'
+
+.. envvar:: PYTHONSTARTUP
+
+    the pystartup enables us to set the
+
+    - autocompletion
+    - the history of the commands
+
+example of `.pystartup`
+
+::
+
+    # Store the file in ~/.pystartup, and set an environment variable to point to
+    # it, e.g. "export PYTHONSTARTUP=/max/home/itamar/.pystartup" in bash.
+    #
+    # Note that PYTHONSTARTUP does *not* expand "~", so you have to put in the full
+    # path to your home directory.
+    import rlcompleter
+    import readline
+    readline.parse_and_bind("tab: complete")
+
+    import os
+    histfile = os.path.join(os.environ["HOME"], ".pyhist")
+    try:
+        readline.read_history_file(histfile)
+    except IOError:
+        pass
+
+    import atexit
+    atexit.register(readline.write_history_file, histfile)
+    del os, histfile
+
+    # enhanced completion
+    #import rlcompleter2
+    #rlcompleter2.setup()
+
+
+Editors
+---------
+
+IDLE
+
+https://docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html
+
+
+un framework de développement intégré : :term:`IDLE`
+
+.. glossary::
+
+    IDLE
+        IDLE_ is an IDE (Integrated Development Environnement)
+
+.. _IDLE: http://docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html
+
+
+
+Thonny_
+
+.. _Thonny: https://thonny.org/
+
+Otherwise, your preferred editor...

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/index.txt

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+.. default-role:: literal
+
+.. meta::
+
+   :description: python tutorial
+   :keywords: python, tutorial
+
+.. title:: pyfundoc
+
+The tasting of python
+=======================
+
+
+.. figure::  _static/python-logo-large.png
+   :alt: The python software fundation's logo
+
+   (The *python software fundation's* logo)
+
+Here are short Python code snippets focusing on teaching purposes.
+
+Python is fun.
+
+
+.. toctree::
+    :maxdepth: 1
+    :caption: The snippets:
+
+    getting-started
+    base-type
+    base-type2
+    functype
+    introspection
+    sdl
+    documenting
+    utilities
+    codingstandards
+
+    cipher
+
+
+Indices and tables
+==================
+
+
+* `All modules for which code is available <_modules/index.html>`_
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`modindex`
+* :ref:`search`
+
+.. note:: The pyfun code is licensed under the `LGPL licence`_
+          and this documentation is licensed under the `Creative Commons
+          Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License`_\ .
+
+
+.. _`Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License`: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en_US
+
+.. _`LGPL licence`: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/introspection.txt

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+Instrospection
+==============
+
+Python's introspection capabilites. First, we shall use the prompt.
+
+The prompt
+-----------
+
+Type `python3`  in the prompt. It gives you a prompt, which is the python prompt::
+
+    >>>
+
+The prompt enables us to deeply analyse the fundamentals of the language.
+It is interesting for a good understanding of the concepts.
+
+For example, **introspection**. Introspection means finding informations
+about each element you want to manipulate::
+
+    >>> locals()
+    {'__name__': '__main__', '__package__': None, '__doc__': None,
+    '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, (...) }
+    >>>
+
+
+.. glossary::
+
+    locals
+
+        The `locals()` builtin function lists the variables that lives in the
+        current namespace.
+
+    globals
+
+        The `globals()` builtin function lists the variables that lives in the
+        general namespace.
+
+
+`locals()` in the global namespace and `locals()`` in a local namespace
+(a function's namespace)::
+
+        >>> def myfunc(x):
+        ...   a = 2
+        ...   print(locals())
+        ...
+        >>> locals()
+        {'__package__': None, '__spec__': None, (...)'__name__': '__main__', '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>}
+        >>> # we can see that there's no "a" variable
+        >>> myfunc("toto")
+        {'x': 'toto', 'a': 2}
+        >>> # in the function there is a "a" variable
+
+When we open a prompt, the general namespace and the local namespace are the same.
+
+.. glossary::
+
+    builtins
+
+        The `__builtins__`` module is a special module :
+        it is the only namespace which is automaticaly imported.
+        It means that the variables function that are in the builtins are always
+        accessible. You can always call them.
+
+For example, you can use the function `dir` which is directly accessible
+without importing any module::
+
+    >>> dir()
+    ['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', ...]
+    >>>
+
+In fact, the `dir()` function lives in the `__builtins__`::
+
+    >>> __builtins__.dir()
+    ['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', ...]
+
+
+type::
+
+    >>> help(dir)
+
+to have help on a given function or module.
+
+
+`__doc__`: this namespace's docstring
+`__package__`: the current namespace
+
+`__name__` is the name of the current namespace, which is `__main__`::
+
+    >>> __name__
+    '__main__'
+    >>>
+
+why is it `__main__` ? Because we are located in the global namespace.
+
+Modules
+-------
+
+A module is a namespace, it is a pyhton file that you can import in another module.
+A python file is intended to become a library, but you can use it as a script.
+
+If you want to use module as a script, the good pratice is to fix its behavior with::
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        do_this()
+
+It means that if you launch the module in the global namespace, then the module
+is not used as a library but as a standalone script.
+The good practice in a module is to do nothing.
+If you launch::
+
+    do_this()
+
+without the test condition::
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+when you import the module::
+
+    import mymodule
+
+it will launch the `do_this` function, wich is not a intended behavior for a library.
+A library is just a set of function/classes that are available in a given namespace.
+A script is intended to do something when launched, not a library.
+
+What are scripts ?
+Scripts are executable file, they have a she bang::
+
+    #!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+You can import some other libraries in your script, and it becomes an application::
+
+    import my_second_module
+
+or::
+
+    from my_second_module import my_function
+
+or::
+
+    from my_second_module import my_function as my_function_alias
+
+or::
+
+    import my_second_module as my_second_module_alias
+
+Assinging a variable
+---------------------
+
+::
+
+    >>> a = 42.
+    >>> type(a)
+    <class 'float'>
+
+what is dynamic typing ? You can set some other value to the `a` variable that
+has nothing to do with the previous type::
+
+    >>> a = 42j
+    >>> type(a)
+    <class 'complex'>
+    >>>
+
+Functions
+----------
+
+This function::
+
+    >>> def my_function(a, b):
+    ...     """this is my func docstring"""
+    ...
+
+is equivalent to::
+
+  >>> def my_function(a, b):
+  ...     """this is my func docstring"""
+  ...     return None
+
+
+There are no procedures in python (a procedure returns nothing). It means that
+a function return always someting. Even if you don't *return* something: it
+returns `None`, which is something::
+
+    >>> result = my_function(1, 2)
+    >>> print(result)
+    None
+    >>> print(my_function(1, 2))
+    None
+
+**In python, a function is... an object**. Yes. What is a docstring's function
+? A Docstring is the `__doc__` attribute of the `my_function` object::
+
+    >>> my_function.__doc__
+    'this is my func docstring'
+    >>>
+
+In python, absolutely everything is an object... even the functions::
+
+    >>> type (my_function)
+    <class 'function'>
+    >>>
+
+A function is an instance of the `function` class.
+
+Unnamed arguments in a function::
+
+  >>> def my_fonction(*args, **kwargs):
+  ...   print("arguments : ", str(args))
+  ...   print("named argumments : ", str(kwargs))
+  ...
+  >>> my_fonction("toto", "titi", tutu=2, tata=3)
+  arguments :  ('toto', 'titi')
+  named argumments : {'tata': 3, 'tutu': 2}
+  >>>
+
+The *samouraï* rule
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A function shall return the expected result, or... kill itself
+(that is, raise and exception).
+
+>>> def function_raise(x):
+...   if not type(x) == int:
+...     raise TypeError("Not the right type")
+...   else:
+...     return x + 1
+...
+>>> try:
+...   e = function_raise("une string")
+... except TypeError, e:
+...   print e
+...
+Not the right type
+>>

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/notebooks/pandas.txt

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+stands for **example**
+
+ipython and pandas examples here
+
+    jupyter notebook Pandas.ipynb
+
+

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/sdl.txt

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+The standard library
+====================
+
+
+.. glossary::
+
+    standard library
+
+        "There must be an obvious way to do it".
+
+        One of the basic rules. That's why you must have a look at the SDL_
+
+.. _`SDL`: http://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html

python/python3/en/_build/html/_sources/utilities.txt

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+Utilities
+=========
+
+
+duration
+--------
+
+
+The :mod:`timeit` module lets you measure the execution
+time of small bits of Python code
+
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../src/duration.py