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# AWS
In this tutorial, we'll create a Kubernetes v1.18.3 cluster on AWS with CoreOS Container Linux or Flatcar Linux.
We'll declare a Kubernetes cluster using the Typhoon Terraform module. Then apply the changes to create a VPC, gateway, subnets, security groups, controller instances, worker auto-scaling group, network load balancer, and TLS assets.
Controller hosts are provisioned to run an `etcd-member` peer and a `kubelet` service. Worker hosts run a `kubelet` service. Controller nodes run `kube-apiserver`, `kube-scheduler`, `kube-controller-manager`, and `coredns`, while `kube-proxy` and `calico` (or `flannel`) run on every node. A generated `kubeconfig` provides `kubectl` access to the cluster.
## Requirements
* AWS Account and IAM credentials
* AWS Route53 DNS Zone (registered Domain Name or delegated subdomain)
* Terraform v0.12.6+ and [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) installed locally
## Terraform Setup
Install [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html) v0.12.6+ on your system.
```sh
$ terraform version
Terraform v0.12.21
```
Add the [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) plugin binary for your system to `~/.terraform.d/plugins/`, noting the final name.
```sh
wget https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct/releases/download/v0.5.0/terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-ct ~/.terraform.d/plugins/terraform-provider-ct_v0.5.0
```
Read [concepts](/architecture/concepts/) to learn about Terraform, modules, and organizing resources. Change to your infrastructure repository (e.g. `infra`).
```
cd infra/clusters
```
## Provider
Login to your AWS IAM dashboard and find your IAM user. Select "Security Credentials" and create an access key. Save the id and secret to a file that can be referenced in configs.
```
[default]
aws_access_key_id = xxx
aws_secret_access_key = yyy
```
Configure the AWS provider to use your access key credentials in a `providers.tf` file.
```tf
provider "aws" {
version = "2.59.0"
region = "eu-central-1"
shared_credentials_file = "/home/user/.config/aws/credentials"
}
provider "ct" {
version = "0.5.0"
}
```
Additional configuration options are described in the `aws` provider [docs](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/aws/).
!!! tip
Regions are listed in [docs](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/rande.html#ec2_region) or with `aws ec2 describe-regions`.
## Cluster
Define a Kubernetes cluster using the module `aws/container-linux/kubernetes`.
```tf
module "tempest" {
source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//aws/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.18.3"
# AWS
cluster_name = "tempest"
dns_zone = "aws.example.com"
dns_zone_id = "Z3PAABBCFAKEC0"
# configuration
ssh_authorized_key = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz..."
# optional
worker_count = 2
worker_type = "t3.small"
}
```
Reference the [variables docs](#variables) or the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/aws/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
## ssh-agent
Initial bootstrapping requires `bootstrap.service` be started on one controller node. Terraform uses `ssh-agent` to automate this step. Add your SSH private key to `ssh-agent`.
```sh
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
ssh-add -L
```
## Apply
Initialize the config directory if this is the first use with Terraform.
```sh
terraform init
```
Plan the resources to be created.
```sh
$ terraform plan
Plan: 80 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
```
Apply the changes to create the cluster.
```sh
$ terraform apply
...
module.tempest.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (4m50s elapsed)
module.tempest.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (5m0s elapsed)
module.tempest.null_resource.bootstrap: Creation complete after 11m8s (ID: 3961816482286168143)
Apply complete! Resources: 98 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
```
In 4-8 minutes, the Kubernetes cluster will be ready.
## Verify
[Install kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/) on your system. Obtain the generated cluster `kubeconfig` from module outputs (e.g. write to a local file).
```
resource "local_file" "kubeconfig-tempest" {
content = module.tempest.kubeconfig-admin
filename = "/home/user/.kube/configs/tempest-config"
}
```
List nodes in the cluster.
```
$ export KUBECONFIG=/home/user/.kube/configs/tempest-config
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ip-10-0-3-155 Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
ip-10-0-26-65 Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
ip-10-0-41-21 Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
```
List the pods.
```
$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system calico-node-1m5bf 2/2 Running 0 34m
kube-system calico-node-7jmr1 2/2 Running 0 34m
kube-system calico-node-bknc8 2/2 Running 0 34m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-wx1lg 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-qjnvp 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system kube-apiserver-ip-10-0-3-155 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-ip-10-0-3-155 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system kube-proxy-14wxv 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system kube-proxy-9vxh2 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system kube-proxy-sbbsh 1/1 Running 0 34m
kube-system kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-3-155 1/1 Running 1 34m
```
## Going Further
Learn about [maintenance](/topics/maintenance/) and [addons](/addons/overview/).
## Variables
Check the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/aws/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
### Required
| Name | Description | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|
| cluster_name | Unique cluster name (prepended to dns_zone) | "tempest" |
| dns_zone | AWS Route53 DNS zone | "aws.example.com" |
| dns_zone_id | AWS Route53 DNS zone id | "Z3PAABBCFAKEC0" |
| ssh_authorized_key | SSH public key for user 'core' | "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NZ..." |
#### DNS Zone
Clusters create a DNS A record `${cluster_name}.${dns_zone}` to resolve a network load balancer backed by controller instances. This FQDN is used by workers and `kubectl` to access the apiserver(s). In this example, the cluster's apiserver would be accessible at `tempest.aws.example.com`.
You'll need a registered domain name or delegated subdomain on AWS Route53. You can set this up once and create many clusters with unique names.
```tf
resource "aws_route53_zone" "zone-for-clusters" {
name = "aws.example.com."
}
```
Reference the DNS zone id with `aws_route53_zone.zone-for-clusters.zone_id`.
!!! tip ""
If you have an existing domain name with a zone file elsewhere, just delegate a subdomain that can be managed on Route53 (e.g. aws.mydomain.com) and [update nameservers](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/Route53/latest/DeveloperGuide/SOA-NSrecords.html).
### Optional
| Name | Description | Default | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|:--------|
| controller_count | Number of controllers (i.e. masters) | 1 | 1 |
| worker_count | Number of workers | 1 | 3 |
| controller_type | EC2 instance type for controllers | "t3.small" | See below |
| worker_type | EC2 instance type for workers | "t3.small" | See below |
| os_image | AMI channel for a Container Linux derivative | "flatcar-stable" | coreos-stable, coreos-beta, coreos-alpha, flatcar-stable, flatcar-beta, flatcar-alpha, flatcar-edge |
| disk_size | Size of the EBS volume in GB | 40 | 100 |
| disk_type | Type of the EBS volume | "gp2" | standard, gp2, io1 |
| disk_iops | IOPS of the EBS volume | 0 (i.e. auto) | 400 |
| worker_target_groups | Target group ARNs to which worker instances should be added | [] | [aws_lb_target_group.app.id] |
| worker_price | Spot price in USD for worker instances or 0 to use on-demand instances | 0/null | 0.10 |
| controller_snippets | Controller Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/) |
| worker_snippets | Worker Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/) |
| networking | Choice of networking provider | "calico" | "calico" or "flannel" |
| network_mtu | CNI interface MTU (calico only) | 1480 | 8981 |
| host_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to EC2 instances | "10.0.0.0/16" | "10.1.0.0/16" |
| pod_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes pods | "10.2.0.0/16" | "10.22.0.0/16" |
| service_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes services | "10.3.0.0/16" | "10.3.0.0/24" |
| worker_node_labels | List of initial worker node labels | [] | ["worker-pool=default"] |
Check the list of valid [instance types](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/).
!!! warning
Do not choose a `controller_type` smaller than `t2.small`. Smaller instances are not sufficient for running a controller.
!!! tip "MTU"
If your EC2 instance type supports [Jumbo frames](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/network_mtu.html#jumbo_frame_instances) (most do), we recommend you change the `network_mtu` to 8981! You will get better pod-to-pod bandwidth.
#### Spot
Add `worker_price = "0.10"` to use spot instance workers (instead of "on-demand") and set a maximum spot price in USD. Clusters can tolerate spot market interuptions fairly well (reschedules pods, but cannot drain) to save money, with the tradeoff that requests for workers may go unfulfilled.

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# Azure
In this tutorial, we'll create a Kubernetes v1.18.3 cluster on Azure with CoreOS Container Linux or Flatcar Linux.
We'll declare a Kubernetes cluster using the Typhoon Terraform module. Then apply the changes to create a resource group, virtual network, subnets, security groups, controller availability set, worker scale set, load balancer, and TLS assets.
Controller hosts are provisioned to run an `etcd-member` peer and a `kubelet` service. Worker hosts run a `kubelet` service. Controller nodes run `kube-apiserver`, `kube-scheduler`, `kube-controller-manager`, and `coredns`, while `kube-proxy` and `calico` (or `flannel`) run on every node. A generated `kubeconfig` provides `kubectl` access to the cluster.
## Requirements
* Azure account
* Azure DNS Zone (registered Domain Name or delegated subdomain)
* Terraform v0.12.6+ and [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) installed locally
## Terraform Setup
Install [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html) v0.12.6+ on your system.
```sh
$ terraform version
Terraform v0.12.21
```
Add the [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) plugin binary for your system to `~/.terraform.d/plugins/`, noting the final name.
```sh
wget https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct/releases/download/v0.5.0/terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-ct ~/.terraform.d/plugins/terraform-provider-ct_v0.5.0
```
Read [concepts](/architecture/concepts/) to learn about Terraform, modules, and organizing resources. Change to your infrastructure repository (e.g. `infra`).
```
cd infra/clusters
```
## Provider
[Install](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/install-azure-cli?view=azure-cli-latest) the Azure `az` command line tool to [authenticate with Azure](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/azurerm/authenticating_via_azure_cli.html).
```
az login
```
Configure the Azure provider in a `providers.tf` file.
```tf
provider "azurerm" {
version = "2.7.0"
}
provider "ct" {
version = "0.5.0"
}
```
Additional configuration options are described in the `azurerm` provider [docs](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/azurerm/).
## Flatcar Linux Images
Flatcar Linux publishes images to the Azure Marketplace and requires accepting terms.
```
az vm image terms show --publish kinvolk --offer flatcar-container-linux-free --plan stable
az vm image terms accept --publish kinvolk --offer flatcar-container-linux-free --plan stable
```
## Cluster
Define a Kubernetes cluster using the module `azure/container-linux/kubernetes`.
```tf
module "ramius" {
source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//azure/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.18.3"
# Azure
cluster_name = "ramius"
region = "centralus"
dns_zone = "azure.example.com"
dns_zone_group = "example-group"
# configuration
ssh_authorized_key = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz..."
# optional
worker_count = 2
host_cidr = "10.0.0.0/20"
}
```
Reference the [variables docs](#variables) or the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/azure/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
## ssh-agent
Initial bootstrapping requires `bootstrap.service` be started on one controller node. Terraform uses `ssh-agent` to automate this step. Add your SSH private key to `ssh-agent`.
```sh
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
ssh-add -L
```
## Apply
Initialize the config directory if this is the first use with Terraform.
```sh
terraform init
```
Plan the resources to be created.
```sh
$ terraform plan
Plan: 86 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
```
Apply the changes to create the cluster.
```sh
$ terraform apply
...
module.ramius.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m50s elapsed)
module.ramius.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (7m0s elapsed)
module.ramius.null_resource.bootstrap: Creation complete after 7m8s (ID: 3961816482286168143)
Apply complete! Resources: 69 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
```
In 4-8 minutes, the Kubernetes cluster will be ready.
## Verify
[Install kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/) on your system. Obtain the generated cluster `kubeconfig` from module outputs (e.g. write to a local file).
```
resource "local_file" "kubeconfig-ramius" {
content = module.ramius.kubeconfig-admin
filename = "/home/user/.kube/configs/ramius-config"
}
```
List nodes in the cluster.
```
$ export KUBECONFIG=/home/user/.kube/configs/ramius-config
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
ramius-controller-0 Ready <none> 24m v1.18.3
ramius-worker-000001 Ready <none> 25m v1.18.3
ramius-worker-000002 Ready <none> 24m v1.18.3
```
List the pods.
```
$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-7c6fbb4f4b-b6qzx 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system coredns-7c6fbb4f4b-j2k3d 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system calico-node-1m5bf 2/2 Running 0 26m
kube-system calico-node-7jmr1 2/2 Running 0 26m
kube-system calico-node-bknc8 2/2 Running 0 26m
kube-system kube-apiserver-ramius-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-ramius-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system kube-proxy-j4vpq 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system kube-proxy-jxr5d 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system kube-proxy-lbdw5 1/1 Running 0 26m
kube-system kube-scheduler-ramius-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 26m
```
## Going Further
Learn about [maintenance](/topics/maintenance/) and [addons](/addons/overview/).
## Variables
Check the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/azure/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
### Required
| Name | Description | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|
| cluster_name | Unique cluster name (prepended to dns_zone) | "ramius" |
| region | Azure region | "centralus" |
| dns_zone | Azure DNS zone | "azure.example.com" |
| dns_zone_group | Resource group where the Azure DNS zone resides | "global" |
| ssh_authorized_key | SSH public key for user 'core' | "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NZ..." |
!!! tip
Regions are shown in [docs](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/global-infrastructure/regions/) or with `az account list-locations --output table`.
#### DNS Zone
Clusters create a DNS A record `${cluster_name}.${dns_zone}` to resolve a load balancer backed by controller instances. This FQDN is used by workers and `kubectl` to access the apiserver(s). In this example, the cluster's apiserver would be accessible at `ramius.azure.example.com`.
You'll need a registered domain name or delegated subdomain on Azure DNS. You can set this up once and create many clusters with unique names.
```tf
# Azure resource group for DNS zone
resource "azurerm_resource_group" "global" {
name = "global"
location = "centralus"
}
# DNS zone for clusters
resource "azurerm_dns_zone" "clusters" {
resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.global.name
name = "azure.example.com"
zone_type = "Public"
}
```
Reference the DNS zone with `azurerm_dns_zone.clusters.name` and its resource group with `"azurerm_resource_group.global.name`.
!!! tip ""
If you have an existing domain name with a zone file elsewhere, just delegate a subdomain that can be managed on Azure DNS (e.g. azure.mydomain.com) and [update nameservers](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/dns/dns-delegate-domain-azure-dns).
### Optional
| Name | Description | Default | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|:--------|
| controller_count | Number of controllers (i.e. masters) | 1 | 1 |
| worker_count | Number of workers | 1 | 3 |
| controller_type | Machine type for controllers | "Standard_B2s" | See below |
| worker_type | Machine type for workers | "Standard_DS1_v2" | See below |
| os_image | Channel for a Container Linux derivative | "flatcar-stable" | flatcar-stable, flatcar-beta, flatcar-alpha, flatcar-edge, coreos-stable, coreos-beta, coreos-alpha |
| disk_size | Size of the disk in GB | 40 | 100 |
| worker_priority | Set priority to Spot to use reduced cost surplus capacity, with the tradeoff that instances can be deallocated at any time | Regular | Spot |
| controller_snippets | Controller Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/#usage) |
| worker_snippets | Worker Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/#usage) |
| networking | Choice of networking provider | "calico" | "flannel" or "calico" |
| host_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to instances | "10.0.0.0/16" | "10.0.0.0/20" |
| pod_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes pods | "10.2.0.0/16" | "10.22.0.0/16" |
| service_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes services | "10.3.0.0/16" | "10.3.0.0/24" |
| worker_node_labels | List of initial worker node labels | [] | ["worker-pool=default"] |
Check the list of valid [machine types](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/virtual-machines/linux/) and their [specs](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/linux/sizes-general). Use `az vm list-skus` to get the identifier.
!!! warning
Unlike AWS and GCP, Azure requires its *virtual* networks to have non-overlapping IPv4 CIDRs (yeah, go figure). Instead of each cluster just using `10.0.0.0/16` for instances, each Azure cluster's `host_cidr` must be non-overlapping (e.g. 10.0.0.0/20 for the 1st cluster, 10.0.16.0/20 for the 2nd cluster, etc).
!!! warning
Do not choose a `controller_type` smaller than `Standard_B2s`. Smaller instances are not sufficient for running a controller.
#### Spot Priority
Add `worker_priority=Spot` to use [Spot Priority](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/linux/spot-vms) workers that run on Azure's surplus capacity at lower cost, but with the tradeoff that they can be deallocated at random. Spot priority VMs are Azure's analog to AWS spot instances or GCP premptible instances.

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# Bare-Metal
In this tutorial, we'll network boot and provision a Kubernetes v1.18.3 cluster on bare-metal with CoreOS Container Linux or Flatcar Linux.
First, we'll deploy a [Matchbox](https://github.com/poseidon/matchbox) service and setup a network boot environment. Then, we'll declare a Kubernetes cluster using the Typhoon Terraform module and power on machines. On PXE boot, machines will install Container Linux to disk, reboot into the disk install, and provision themselves as Kubernetes controllers or workers via Ignition.
Controller hosts are provisioned to run an `etcd-member` peer and a `kubelet` service. Worker hosts run a `kubelet` service. Controller nodes run `kube-apiserver`, `kube-scheduler`, `kube-controller-manager`, and `coredns` while `kube-proxy` and `calico` (or `flannel`) run on every node. A generated `kubeconfig` provides `kubectl` access to the cluster.
## Requirements
* Machines with 2GB RAM, 30GB disk, PXE-enabled NIC, IPMI
* PXE-enabled [network boot](https://coreos.com/matchbox/docs/latest/network-setup.html) environment (with HTTPS support)
* Matchbox v0.6+ deployment with API enabled
* Matchbox credentials `client.crt`, `client.key`, `ca.crt`
* Terraform v0.12.6+, [terraform-provider-matchbox](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-matchbox), and [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) installed locally
## Machines
Collect a MAC address from each machine. For machines with multiple PXE-enabled NICs, pick one of the MAC addresses. MAC addresses will be used to match machines to profiles during network boot.
* 52:54:00:a1:9c:ae (node1)
* 52:54:00:b2:2f:86 (node2)
* 52:54:00:c3:61:77 (node3)
Configure each machine to boot from the disk through IPMI or the BIOS menu.
```
ipmitool -H node1 -U USER -P PASS chassis bootdev disk options=persistent
```
During provisioning, you'll explicitly set the boot device to `pxe` for the next boot only. Machines will install (overwrite) the operating system to disk on PXE boot and reboot into the disk install.
!!! tip ""
Ask your hardware vendor to provide MACs and preconfigure IPMI, if possible. With it, you can rack new servers, `terraform apply` with new info, and power on machines that network boot and provision into clusters.
## DNS
Create a DNS A (or AAAA) record for each node's default interface. Create a record that resolves to each controller node (or re-use the node record if there's one controller).
* node1.example.com (node1)
* node2.example.com (node2)
* node3.example.com (node3)
* myk8s.example.com (node1)
Cluster nodes will be configured to refer to the control plane and themselves by these fully qualified names and they'll be used in generated TLS certificates.
## Matchbox
Matchbox is an open-source app that matches network-booted bare-metal machines (based on labels like MAC, UUID, etc.) to profiles to automate cluster provisioning.
Install Matchbox on a Kubernetes cluster or dedicated server.
* Installing on [Kubernetes](https://coreos.com/matchbox/docs/latest/deployment.html#kubernetes) (recommended)
* Installing on a [server](https://coreos.com/matchbox/docs/latest/deployment.html#download)
!!! tip
Deploy Matchbox as service that can be accessed by all of your bare-metal machines globally. This provides a single endpoint to use Terraform to manage bare-metal clusters at different sites. Typhoon will never include secrets in provisioning user-data so you may even deploy matchbox publicly.
Matchbox provides a TLS client-authenticated API that clients, like Terraform, can use to manage machine matching and profiles. Think of it like a cloud provider API, but for creating bare-metal instances.
[Generate TLS](https://coreos.com/matchbox/docs/latest/deployment.html#generate-tls-certificates) client credentials. Save the `ca.crt`, `client.crt`, and `client.key` where they can be referenced in Terraform configs.
```sh
mv ca.crt client.crt client.key ~/.config/matchbox/
```
Verify the matchbox read-only HTTP endpoints are accessible (port is configurable).
```sh
$ curl http://matchbox.example.com:8080
matchbox
```
Verify your TLS client certificate and key can be used to access the Matchbox API (port is configurable).
```sh
$ openssl s_client -connect matchbox.example.com:8081 \
-CAfile ~/.config/matchbox/ca.crt \
-cert ~/.config/matchbox/client.crt \
-key ~/.config/matchbox/client.key
```
## PXE Environment
Create an iPXE-enabled network boot environment. Configure PXE clients to chainload [iPXE](http://ipxe.org/cmd) firmware compiled to support [HTTPS downloads](https://ipxe.org/crypto). Instruct iPXE clients to chainload from your Matchbox service's `/boot.ipxe` endpoint.
For networks already supporting iPXE clients, you can add a `default.ipxe` config.
```ini
# /var/www/html/ipxe/default.ipxe
chain http://matchbox.foo:8080/boot.ipxe
```
For networks with Ubiquiti Routers, you can [configure the router](/topics/hardware/#ubiquiti) itself to chainload machines to iPXE and Matchbox.
Read about the [many ways](https://coreos.com/matchbox/docs/latest/network-setup.html) to setup a compliant iPXE-enabled network. There is quite a bit of flexibility:
* Continue using existing DHCP, TFTP, or DNS services
* Configure specific machines, subnets, or architectures to chainload from Matchbox
* Place Matchbox behind a menu entry (timeout and default to Matchbox)
!!! note ""
TFTP chainloading to modern boot firmware, like iPXE, avoids issues with old NICs and allows faster transfer protocols like HTTP to be used.
!!! warning
Compile iPXE from [source](https://github.com/ipxe/ipxe) with support for [HTTPS downloads](https://ipxe.org/crypto). iPXE's pre-built firmware binaries do not enable this. If you cannot enable HTTPS downloads, set `download_protocol = "http"` (discouraged).
## Terraform Setup
Install [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html) v0.12.6+ on your system.
```sh
$ terraform version
Terraform v0.12.21
```
Add the [terraform-provider-matchbox](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-matchbox) plugin binary for your system to `~/.terraform.d/plugins/`, noting the final name.
```sh
wget https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-matchbox/releases/download/v0.3.0/terraform-provider-matchbox-v0.3.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-matchbox-v0.3.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv terraform-provider-matchbox-v0.3.0-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-matchbox ~/.terraform.d/plugins/terraform-provider-matchbox_v0.3.0
```
Add the [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) plugin binary for your system to `~/.terraform.d/plugins/`, noting the final name.
```sh
wget https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct/releases/download/v0.5.0/terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-ct ~/.terraform.d/plugins/terraform-provider-ct_v0.5.0
```
Read [concepts](/architecture/concepts/) to learn about Terraform, modules, and organizing resources. Change to your infrastructure repository (e.g. `infra`).
```
cd infra/clusters
```
## Provider
Configure the Matchbox provider to use your Matchbox API endpoint and client certificate in a `providers.tf` file.
```tf
provider "matchbox" {
version = "0.3.0"
endpoint = "matchbox.example.com:8081"
client_cert = file("~/.config/matchbox/client.crt")
client_key = file("~/.config/matchbox/client.key")
ca = file("~/.config/matchbox/ca.crt")
}
provider "ct" {
version = "0.5.0"
}
```
## Cluster
Define a Kubernetes cluster using the module `bare-metal/container-linux/kubernetes`.
```tf
module "mercury" {
source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//bare-metal/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.18.3"
# bare-metal
cluster_name = "mercury"
matchbox_http_endpoint = "http://matchbox.example.com"
os_channel = "flatcar-stable"
os_version = "2345.3.1"
# configuration
k8s_domain_name = "node1.example.com"
ssh_authorized_key = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz..."
# machines
controllers = [{
name = "node1"
mac = "52:54:00:a1:9c:ae"
domain = "node1.example.com"
}]
workers = [
{
name = "node2",
mac = "52:54:00:b2:2f:86"
domain = "node2.example.com"
},
{
name = "node3",
mac = "52:54:00:c3:61:77"
domain = "node3.example.com"
}
]
# set to http only if you cannot chainload to iPXE firmware with https support
# download_protocol = "http"
}
```
Reference the [variables docs](#variables) or the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/bare-metal/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
## ssh-agent
Initial bootstrapping requires `bootstrap.service` be started on one controller node. Terraform uses `ssh-agent` to automate this step. Add your SSH private key to `ssh-agent`.
```sh
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
ssh-add -L
```
## Apply
Initialize the config directory if this is the first use with Terraform.
```sh
terraform init
```
Plan the resources to be created.
```sh
$ terraform plan
Plan: 55 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
```
Apply the changes. Terraform will generate bootstrap assets and create Matchbox profiles (e.g. controller, worker) and matching rules via the Matchbox API.
```sh
$ terraform apply
module.mercury.null_resource.copy-controller-secrets.0: Still creating... (10s elapsed)
module.mercury.null_resource.copy-worker-secrets.0: Still creating... (10s elapsed)
...
```
Apply will then loop until it can successfully copy credentials to each machine and start the one-time Kubernetes bootstrap service. Proceed to the next step while this loops.
### Power
Power on each machine with the boot device set to `pxe` for the next boot only.
```sh
ipmitool -H node1.example.com -U USER -P PASS chassis bootdev pxe
ipmitool -H node1.example.com -U USER -P PASS power on
```
Machines will network boot, install Container Linux to disk, reboot into the disk install, and provision themselves as controllers or workers.
!!! tip ""
If this is the first test of your PXE-enabled network boot environment, watch the SOL console of a machine to spot any misconfigurations.
### Bootstrap
Wait for the `bootstrap` step to finish bootstrapping the Kubernetes control plane. This may take 5-15 minutes depending on your network.
```
module.mercury.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m10s elapsed)
module.mercury.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m20s elapsed)
module.mercury.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m30s elapsed)
module.mercury.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m40s elapsed)
module.mercury.null_resource.bootstrap: Creation complete (ID: 5441741360626669024)
Apply complete! Resources: 55 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
```
To watch the install to disk (until machines reboot from disk), SSH to port 2222.
```
# before v1.10.1
$ ssh debug@node1.example.com
# after v1.10.1
$ ssh -p 2222 core@node1.example.com
```
To watch the bootstrap process in detail, SSH to the first controller and journal the logs.
```
$ ssh core@node1.example.com
$ journalctl -f -u bootstrap
rkt[1750]: The connection to the server cluster.example.com:6443 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
rkt[1750]: Waiting for static pod control plane
...
rkt[1750]: serviceaccount/calico-node unchanged
systemd[1]: Started Kubernetes control plane.
```
## Verify
[Install kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/) on your system. Obtain the generated cluster `kubeconfig` from module outputs (e.g. write to a local file).
```
resource "local_file" "kubeconfig-mercury" {
content = module.mercury.kubeconfig-admin
filename = "/home/user/.kube/configs/mercury-config"
}
```
List nodes in the cluster.
```
$ export KUBECONFIG=/home/user/.kube/configs/mercury-config
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
node1.example.com Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
node2.example.com Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
node3.example.com Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
```
List the pods.
```
$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system calico-node-6qp7f 2/2 Running 1 11m
kube-system calico-node-gnjrm 2/2 Running 0 11m
kube-system calico-node-llbgt 2/2 Running 0 11m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-dj3pd 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-mx9rt 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-apiserver-node1.example.com 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-controller-node1.example.com 1/1 Running 1 11m
kube-system kube-proxy-50sd4 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-proxy-bczhp 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-proxy-mp2fw 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-scheduler-node1.example.com 1/1 Running 0 11m
```
## Going Further
Learn about [maintenance](/topics/maintenance/) and [addons](/addons/overview/).
## Variables
Check the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/bare-metal/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
### Required
| Name | Description | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|
| cluster_name | Unique cluster name | "mercury" |
| matchbox_http_endpoint | Matchbox HTTP read-only endpoint | "http://matchbox.example.com:port" |
| os_channel | Channel for a Container Linux derivative | coreos-stable, coreos-beta, coreos-alpha, flatcar-stable, flatcar-beta, flatcar-alpha, flatcar-edge |
| os_version | Version for a Container Linux derivative to PXE and install | "2345.3.1" |
| k8s_domain_name | FQDN resolving to the controller(s) nodes. Workers and kubectl will communicate with this endpoint | "myk8s.example.com" |
| ssh_authorized_key | SSH public key for user 'core' | "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz..." |
| controllers | List of controller machine detail objects (unique name, identifying MAC address, FQDN) | `[{name="node1", mac="52:54:00:a1:9c:ae", domain="node1.example.com"}]` |
| workers | List of worker machine detail objects (unique name, identifying MAC address, FQDN) | `[{name="node2", mac="52:54:00:b2:2f:86", domain="node2.example.com"}, {name="node3", mac="52:54:00:c3:61:77", domain="node3.example.com"}]` |
### Optional
| Name | Description | Default | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|:--------|
| download_protocol | Protocol iPXE uses to download the kernel and initrd. iPXE must be compiled with [crypto](https://ipxe.org/crypto) support for https. Unused if cached_install is true | "https" | "http" |
| cached_install | PXE boot and install from the Matchbox `/assets` cache. Admin MUST have downloaded Container Linux or Flatcar images into the cache | false | true |
| install_disk | Disk device where Container Linux should be installed | "/dev/sda" | "/dev/sdb" |
| networking | Choice of networking provider | "calico" | "calico" or "flannel" |
| network_mtu | CNI interface MTU (calico-only) | 1480 | - |
| snippets | Map from machine names to lists of Container Linux Config snippets | {} | [examples](/advanced/customization/) |
| network_ip_autodetection_method | Method to detect host IPv4 address (calico-only) | "first-found" | "can-reach=10.0.0.1" |
| pod_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes pods | "10.2.0.0/16" | "10.22.0.0/16" |
| service_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes services | "10.3.0.0/16" | "10.3.0.0/24" |
| kernel_args | Additional kernel args to provide at PXE boot | [] | ["kvm-intel.nested=1"] |
| worker_node_labels | Map from worker name to list of initial node labels | {} | {"node2" = ["role=special"]} |
| worker_node_taints | Map from worker name to list of initial node taints | {} | {"node2" = ["role=special:NoSchedule"]} |

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# Digital Ocean
In this tutorial, we'll create a Kubernetes v1.18.3 cluster on DigitalOcean with CoreOS Container Linux or Flatcar Linux.
We'll declare a Kubernetes cluster using the Typhoon Terraform module. Then apply the changes to create controller droplets, worker droplets, DNS records, tags, and TLS assets.
Controller hosts are provisioned to run an `etcd-member` peer and a `kubelet` service. Worker hosts run a `kubelet` service. Controller nodes run `kube-apiserver`, `kube-scheduler`, `kube-controller-manager`, and `coredns`, while `kube-proxy` and `calico` (or `flannel`) run on every node. A generated `kubeconfig` provides `kubectl` access to the cluster.
## Requirements
* Digital Ocean Account and Token
* Digital Ocean Domain (registered Domain Name or delegated subdomain)
* Terraform v0.12.6+ and [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) installed locally
## Terraform Setup
Install [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html) v0.12.6+ on your system.
```sh
$ terraform version
Terraform v0.12.21
```
Add the [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) plugin binary for your system to `~/.terraform.d/plugins/`, noting the final name.
```sh
wget https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct/releases/download/v0.5.0/terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-ct ~/.terraform.d/plugins/terraform-provider-ct_v0.5.0
```
Read [concepts](/architecture/concepts/) to learn about Terraform, modules, and organizing resources. Change to your infrastructure repository (e.g. `infra`).
```
cd infra/clusters
```
## Provider
Login to [DigitalOcean](https://cloud.digitalocean.com) or create an [account](https://cloud.digitalocean.com/registrations/new), if you don't have one.
Generate a Personal Access Token with read/write scope from the [API tab](https://cloud.digitalocean.com/settings/api/tokens). Write the token to a file that can be referenced in configs.
```sh
mkdir -p ~/.config/digital-ocean
echo "TOKEN" > ~/.config/digital-ocean/token
```
Configure the DigitalOcean provider to use your token in a `providers.tf` file.
```tf
provider "digitalocean" {
version = "1.17.0"
token = "${chomp(file("~/.config/digital-ocean/token"))}"
}
provider "ct" {
version = "0.5.0"
}
```
### Flatcar Linux Images
Flatcar Linux publishes DigitalOcean images, but does not yet upload them. DigitalOcean allows [custom images](https://blog.digitalocean.com/custom-images/) to be uploaded via URLor file.
[Download](https://www.flatcar-linux.org/releases/) the Flatcar Linux DigitalOcean bin image. Rename the image with the channel and version (to refer to these images over time) and [upload](https://cloud.digitalocean.com/images/custom_images) it as a custom image.
```tf
data "digitalocean_image" "flatcar-stable-2303-4-0" {
name = "flatcar-stable-2303.4.0.bin.bz2"
}
```
Set the [os_image](#variables) in the next step.
## Cluster
Define a Kubernetes cluster using the module `digital-ocean/container-linux/kubernetes`.
```tf
module "nemo" {
source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//digital-ocean/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.18.3"
# Digital Ocean
cluster_name = "nemo"
region = "nyc3"
dns_zone = "digital-ocean.example.com"
# configuration
os_image = data.digitalocean_image.flatcar-stable-2303-4-0.id
ssh_fingerprints = ["d7:9d:79:ae:56:32:73:79:95:88:e3:a2:ab:5d:45:e7"]
# optional
worker_count = 2
}
```
Reference the [variables docs](#variables) or the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/digital-ocean/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
## ssh-agent
Initial bootstrapping requires `bootstrap.service` be started on one controller node. Terraform uses `ssh-agent` to automate this step. Add your SSH private key to `ssh-agent`.
```sh
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
ssh-add -L
```
## Apply
Initialize the config directory if this is the first use with Terraform.
```sh
terraform init
```
Plan the resources to be created.
```sh
$ terraform plan
Plan: 54 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
```
Apply the changes to create the cluster.
```sh
$ terraform apply
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (30s elapsed)
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Provisioning with 'remote-exec'...
...
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (6m20s elapsed)
module.nemo.null_resource.bootstrap: Creation complete (ID: 7599298447329218468)
Apply complete! Resources: 42 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
```
In 3-6 minutes, the Kubernetes cluster will be ready.
## Verify
[Install kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/) on your system. Obtain the generated cluster `kubeconfig` from module outputs (e.g. write to a local file).
```
resource "local_file" "kubeconfig-nemo" {
content = module.nemo.kubeconfig-admin
filename = "/home/user/.kube/configs/nemo-config"
}
```
List nodes in the cluster.
```
$ export KUBECONFIG=/home/user/.kube/configs/nemo-config
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
10.132.110.130 Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
10.132.115.81 Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
10.132.124.107 Ready <none> 10m v1.18.3
```
List the pods.
```
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system coredns-1187388186-ld1j7 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-rdhf7 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system calico-node-1m5bf 2/2 Running 0 11m
kube-system calico-node-7jmr1 2/2 Running 0 11m
kube-system calico-node-bknc8 2/2 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-apiserver-ip-10.132.115.81 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-ip-10.132.115.81 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-proxy-6kxjf 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-proxy-fh3td 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-proxy-k35rc 1/1 Running 0 11m
kube-system kube-scheduler-ip-10.132.115.81 1/1 Running 0 11m
```
## Going Further
Learn about [maintenance](/topics/maintenance/) and [addons](/addons/overview/).
## Variables
Check the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/digital-ocean/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
### Required
| Name | Description | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|
| cluster_name | Unique cluster name (prepended to dns_zone) | "nemo" |
| region | Digital Ocean region | "nyc1", "sfo2", "fra1", tor1" |
| dns_zone | Digital Ocean domain (i.e. DNS zone) | "do.example.com" |
| os_image | Container Linux image for instances | "custom-image-id", coreos-stable, coreos-beta, coreos-alpha |
| ssh_fingerprints | SSH public key fingerprints | ["d7:9d..."] |
#### DNS Zone
Clusters create DNS A records `${cluster_name}.${dns_zone}` to resolve to controller droplets (round robin). This FQDN is used by workers and `kubectl` to access the apiserver(s). In this example, the cluster's apiserver would be accessible at `nemo.do.example.com`.
You'll need a registered domain name or delegated subdomain in DigitalOcean Domains (i.e. DNS zones). You can set this up once and create many clusters with unique names.
```tf
# Declare a DigitalOcean record to also create a zone file
resource "digitalocean_domain" "zone-for-clusters" {
name = "do.example.com"
ip_address = "8.8.8.8"
}
```
!!! tip ""
If you have an existing domain name with a zone file elsewhere, just delegate a subdomain that can be managed on DigitalOcean (e.g. do.mydomain.com) and [update nameservers](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-a-host-name-with-digitalocean).
#### SSH Fingerprints
DigitalOcean droplets are created with your SSH public key "fingerprint" (i.e. MD5 hash) to allow access. If your SSH public key is at `~/.ssh/id_rsa`, find the fingerprint with,
```bash
ssh-keygen -E md5 -lf ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | awk '{print $2}'
MD5:d7:9d:79:ae:56:32:73:79:95:88:e3:a2:ab:5d:45:e7
```
If you use `ssh-agent` (e.g. Yubikey for SSH), find the fingerprint with,
```
ssh-add -l -E md5
2048 MD5:d7:9d:79:ae:56:32:73:79:95:88:e3:a2:ab:5d:45:e7 cardno:000603633110 (RSA)
```
Digital Ocean requires the SSH public key be uploaded to your account, so you may also find the fingerprint under Settings -> Security. Finally, if you don't have an SSH key, [create one now](https://help.github.com/articles/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent/).
### Optional
| Name | Description | Default | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|:--------|
| controller_count | Number of controllers (i.e. masters) | 1 | 1 |
| worker_count | Number of workers | 1 | 3 |
| controller_type | Droplet type for controllers | "s-2vcpu-2gb" | s-2vcpu-2gb, s-2vcpu-4gb, s-4vcpu-8gb, ... |
| worker_type | Droplet type for workers | "s-1vcpu-2gb" | s-1vcpu-2gb, s-2vcpu-2gb, ... |
| controller_snippets | Controller Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/) |
| worker_snippets | Worker Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/) |
| networking | Choice of networking provider | "calico" | "flannel" or "calico" |
| pod_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes pods | "10.2.0.0/16" | "10.22.0.0/16" |
| service_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes services | "10.3.0.0/16" | "10.3.0.0/24" |
Check the list of valid [droplet types](https://developers.digitalocean.com/documentation/changelog/api-v2/new-size-slugs-for-droplet-plan-changes/) or use `doctl compute size list`.
!!! warning
Do not choose a `controller_type` smaller than 2GB. Smaller droplets are not sufficient for running a controller and bootstrapping will fail.

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# Google Cloud
In this tutorial, we'll create a Kubernetes v1.18.3 cluster on Google Compute Engine with CoreOS Container Linux or Flatcar Linux.
We'll declare a Kubernetes cluster using the Typhoon Terraform module. Then apply the changes to create a network, firewall rules, health checks, controller instances, worker managed instance group, load balancers, and TLS assets.
Controller hosts are provisioned to run an `etcd-member` peer and a `kubelet` service. Worker hosts run a `kubelet` service. Controller nodes run `kube-apiserver`, `kube-scheduler`, `kube-controller-manager`, and `coredns`, while `kube-proxy` and `calico` (or `flannel`) run on every node. A generated `kubeconfig` provides `kubectl` access to the cluster.
## Requirements
* Google Cloud Account and Service Account
* Google Cloud DNS Zone (registered Domain Name or delegated subdomain)
* Terraform v0.12.6+ and [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) installed locally
## Terraform Setup
Install [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/downloads.html) v0.12.6+ on your system.
```sh
$ terraform version
Terraform v0.12.21
```
Add the [terraform-provider-ct](https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct) plugin binary for your system to `~/.terraform.d/plugins/`, noting the final name.
```sh
wget https://github.com/poseidon/terraform-provider-ct/releases/download/v0.5.0/terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv terraform-provider-ct-v0.5.0-linux-amd64/terraform-provider-ct ~/.terraform.d/plugins/terraform-provider-ct_v0.5.0
```
Read [concepts](/architecture/concepts/) to learn about Terraform, modules, and organizing resources. Change to your infrastructure repository (e.g. `infra`).
```
cd infra/clusters
```
## Provider
Login to your Google Console [API Manager](https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/dashboard) and select a project, or [signup](https://cloud.google.com/free/) if you don't have an account.
Select "Credentials" and create a service account key. Choose the "Compute Engine Admin" and "DNS Administrator" roles and save the JSON private key to a file that can be referenced in configs.
```sh
mv ~/Downloads/project-id-43048204.json ~/.config/google-cloud/terraform.json
```
Configure the Google Cloud provider to use your service account key, project-id, and region in a `providers.tf` file.
```tf
provider "google" {
version = "3.19.0"
project = "project-id"
region = "us-central1"
credentials = file("~/.config/google-cloud/terraform.json")
}
provider "ct" {
version = "0.5.0"
}
```
Additional configuration options are described in the `google` provider [docs](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/index.html).
!!! tip
Regions are listed in [docs](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones) or with `gcloud compute regions list`. A project may contain multiple clusters across different regions.
### Flatcar Linux Images
Flatcar Linux publishes Google Cloud images, but does not yet upload them. Google Cloud allows [custom boot images](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/images/import-existing-image) to be uploaded to a bucket and imported into your project.
[Download](https://www.flatcar-linux.org/releases/) the Flatcar Linux GCE gzipped tarball and upload it to a Google Cloud storage bucket.
```
gsutil list
gsutil cp flatcar_production_gce.tar.gz gs://BUCKET
```
Create a Compute Engine image from the file.
```
gcloud compute images create flatcar-linux-2303-4-0 --source-uri gs://BUCKET_NAME/flatcar_production_gce.tar.gz
```
Set the [os_image](#variables) in the next step.
## Cluster
Define a Kubernetes cluster using the module `google-cloud/container-linux/kubernetes`.
```tf
module "yavin" {
source = "git::https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon//google-cloud/container-linux/kubernetes?ref=v1.18.3"
# Google Cloud
cluster_name = "yavin"
region = "us-central1"
dns_zone = "example.com"
dns_zone_name = "example-zone"
# configuration
os_image = "flatcar-linux-2303-4-0"
ssh_authorized_key = "ssh-rsa AAAAB3Nz..."
# optional
worker_count = 2
}
```
Reference the [variables docs](#variables) or the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/google-cloud/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
## ssh-agent
Initial bootstrapping requires `bootstrap.service` be started on one controller node. Terraform uses `ssh-agent` to automate this step. Add your SSH private key to `ssh-agent`.
```sh
ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
ssh-add -L
```
## Apply
Initialize the config directory if this is the first use with Terraform.
```sh
terraform init
```
Plan the resources to be created.
```sh
$ terraform plan
Plan: 64 to add, 0 to change, 0 to destroy.
```
Apply the changes to create the cluster.
```sh
$ terraform apply
module.yavin.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (10s elapsed)
...
module.yavin.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (5m30s elapsed)
module.yavin.null_resource.bootstrap: Still creating... (5m40s elapsed)
module.yavin.null_resource.bootstrap: Creation complete (ID: 5768638456220583358)
Apply complete! Resources: 62 added, 0 changed, 0 destroyed.
```
In 4-8 minutes, the Kubernetes cluster will be ready.
## Verify
[Install kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/) on your system. Obtain the generated cluster `kubeconfig` from module outputs (e.g. write to a local file).
```
resource "local_file" "kubeconfig-yavin" {
content = module.yavin.kubeconfig-admin
filename = "/home/user/.kube/configs/yavin-config"
}
```
List nodes in the cluster.
```
$ export KUBECONFIG=/home/user/.kube/configs/yavin-config
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME ROLES STATUS AGE VERSION
yavin-controller-0.c.example-com.internal <none> Ready 6m v1.18.3
yavin-worker-jrbf.c.example-com.internal <none> Ready 5m v1.18.3
yavin-worker-mzdm.c.example-com.internal <none> Ready 5m v1.18.3
```
List the pods.
```
$ kubectl get pods --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
kube-system calico-node-1cs8z 2/2 Running 0 6m
kube-system calico-node-d1l5b 2/2 Running 0 6m
kube-system calico-node-sp9ps 2/2 Running 0 6m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-dkh3o 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system coredns-1187388186-zj5dl 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system kube-apiserver-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system kube-controller-manager-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system kube-proxy-117v6 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system kube-proxy-9886n 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system kube-proxy-njn47 1/1 Running 0 6m
kube-system kube-scheduler-controller-0 1/1 Running 0 6m
```
## Going Further
Learn about [maintenance](/topics/maintenance/) and [addons](/addons/overview/).
## Variables
Check the [variables.tf](https://github.com/poseidon/typhoon/blob/master/google-cloud/container-linux/kubernetes/variables.tf) source.
### Required
| Name | Description | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|
| cluster_name | Unique cluster name (prepended to dns_zone) | "yavin" |
| region | Google Cloud region | "us-central1" |
| dns_zone | Google Cloud DNS zone | "google-cloud.example.com" |
| dns_zone_name | Google Cloud DNS zone name | "example-zone" |
| os_image | Container Linux image for compute instances | "flatcar-linux-2303-4-0", coreos-stable, coreos-beta, coreos-alpha |
| ssh_authorized_key | SSH public key for user 'core' | "ssh-rsa AAAAB3NZ..." |
Check the list of valid [regions](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/regions-zones) and list Container Linux [images](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/images) with `gcloud compute images list | grep coreos`.
#### DNS Zone
Clusters create a DNS A record `${cluster_name}.${dns_zone}` to resolve a TCP proxy load balancer backed by controller instances. This FQDN is used by workers and `kubectl` to access the apiserver(s). In this example, the cluster's apiserver would be accessible at `yavin.google-cloud.example.com`.
You'll need a registered domain name or delegated subdomain on Google Cloud DNS. You can set this up once and create many clusters with unique names.
```tf
resource "google_dns_managed_zone" "zone-for-clusters" {
dns_name = "google-cloud.example.com."
name = "example-zone"
description = "Production DNS zone"
}
```
!!! tip ""
If you have an existing domain name with a zone file elsewhere, just delegate a subdomain that can be managed on Google Cloud (e.g. google-cloud.mydomain.com) and [update nameservers](https://cloud.google.com/dns/update-name-servers).
### Optional
| Name | Description | Default | Example |
|:-----|:------------|:--------|:--------|
| controller_count | Number of controllers (i.e. masters) | 1 | 3 |
| worker_count | Number of workers | 1 | 3 |
| controller_type | Machine type for controllers | "n1-standard-1" | See below |
| worker_type | Machine type for workers | "n1-standard-1" | See below |
| disk_size | Size of the disk in GB | 40 | 100 |
| worker_preemptible | If enabled, Compute Engine will terminate workers randomly within 24 hours | false | true |
| controller_snippets | Controller Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/) |
| worker_snippets | Worker Container Linux Config snippets | [] | [example](/advanced/customization/) |
| networking | Choice of networking provider | "calico" | "calico" or "flannel" |
| pod_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes pods | "10.2.0.0/16" | "10.22.0.0/16" |
| service_cidr | CIDR IPv4 range to assign to Kubernetes services | "10.3.0.0/16" | "10.3.0.0/24" |
| worker_node_labels | List of initial worker node labels | [] | ["worker-pool=default"] |
Check the list of valid [machine types](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/machine-types).
#### Preemption
Add `worker_preemptible = "true"` to allow worker nodes to be [preempted](https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/instances/preemptible) at random, but pay [significantly](https://cloud.google.com/compute/pricing) less. Clusters tolerate stopping instances fairly well (reschedules pods, but cannot drain) and preemption provides a nice reward for running fault-tolerant cluster systems.`