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<h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; Programmation python</h1>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="section" id="programmation-python-courante">
<h1>Programmation python courante<a class="headerlink" href="#programmation-python-courante" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="les-espaces-de-nommage">
<span id="namespaces"></span><h2>les espaces de nommage<a class="headerlink" href="#les-espaces-de-nommage" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h2>
<p>L’espace de nommage le plus courant est l’organisation en modules et en packages.</p>
<p>Packages et modules:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">package</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
<span class="n">module1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
<span class="n">subpackage</span><span class="o">/</span>
<span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
<span class="n">module2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A utilser pour organiser votre projet
Permet de minimiser les risques de conflits de nome
Permet de diminuer les entrées dans le <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a></p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">package.module1</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.subpackage</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">module2</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">package.subpackage.module2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">name</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>le fichier <cite>__init__.py</cite></li>
<li><cite>reload(module)</cite> au prompt</li>
<li>dangereux : l’import «&nbsp;*&nbsp;», utiliser l’attribut spécial <cite>__all__</cite> pour l’import
sélectif</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">os</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>lance un module en tant que script :</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Organisation modulaire</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>construire des composants élémentaires</li>
<li>combiner ces composants</li>
<li>utiliser une structure pyramidale : les composants sont les éléments de
composants plus complexes.</li>
<li>découplage de l’ensemble en composants indépendants (gros programmes réalisables)</li>
<li>donner de la structure (rendre les gros programmes compréhensibles)</li>
<li>spécifier les liens entre les composants (rendre les programmes maintenables)</li>
<li>identifier les sous-composants indépendants (rendre les programmes réutilisables)</li>
<li>forcer l’abstraction (augmenter la sureté du programme)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="modules-charges-et-modules-importes">
<h2>modules chargés et modules importés<a class="headerlink" href="#modules-charges-et-modules-importes" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h2>
<p>Les modules susceptibles d’être chargés sont dans le <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a>.
Mais comment peut-on savoir ou ils sont physiquement (sur le disque dur) ?</p>
<dl class="envvar">
<dt id="envvar-`sys.modules`">
<code class="descname">`sys.modules`</code><a class="headerlink" href="#envvar-`sys.modules`" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="s1">&#39;twisted&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">twisted</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="s1">&#39;twisted&#39;</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;twisted&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">&lt;module &#39;twisted&#39; from &#39;/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/twisted/__init__.pyc&#39;&gt;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition attention">
<p class="first admonition-title">Attention</p>
<p class="last">un module présent dans <cite>sys.modules</cite> n’est pas forcément importé
dans l’espace de nommage usuel. Il faut importer le module pour
pouvoir l’utiliser.</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;email&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">&lt;module &#39;email&#39; from &#39;/usr/lib/python2.7/email/__init__.pyc&#39;&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">email</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">&lt;module&gt;</span>
<span class="gr">NameError</span>: <span class="n">name &#39;email&#39; is not defined</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pour récupérer le chemin du module</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abspath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">module</span><span class="o">&gt;.</span><span class="vm">__file__</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pour importer un module qui n’est pas dans le <cite>sys.path</cite></p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">fch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/mymodule/custom.py&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">my_module</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">imp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load_module</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;dhcp_custom&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;/path/to/mymodule.py&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;.py&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;U&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="connaitre-la-version-d-un-module">
<h2>Connaître la version d’un module<a class="headerlink" href="#connaitre-la-version-d-un-module" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h2>
<p>Exemple : le module <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code></p>
<p>C’est suivant la version de python car c’est la librairie standard.</p>
<p>Sinon, en général il y a un attribut __version__</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlalchemy</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">sqlalchemy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__version__</span>
<span class="go">&#39;0.9.8&#39;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="les-methodes-speciales">
<h2>Les méthodes spéciales<a class="headerlink" href="#les-methodes-speciales" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h2>
<p>méthodes spéciales correspondants aux interfaces des types de bases :</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="__init__">
<code class="descname">__init__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>*args</em>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#__init__" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dt>
<code class="descname">le constructeur de l'instance d'objet</code></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="__add__">
<code class="descname">__add__</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>self</em>, <em>other</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#__add__" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>correspond à la notation <cite>+</cite></p>
</dd></dl>
<p>exemple :</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Zone</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">level</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__add__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Zone</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__cmp__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">cmp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">specialmethods</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Zone</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;titi&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Zone</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;tutu&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">z2</span>
<span class="go">False</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">z2</span>
<span class="go">&lt;specialmethods.Zone object at 0x7f02d95fb190&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">z2</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span>
<span class="go">&#39;tititutu&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">z3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">level</span>
<span class="go">50</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="attributs-et-accesseurs">
<h2>Attributs et accesseurs<a class="headerlink" href="#attributs-et-accesseurs" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h2>
<p>python est un langage à attributs, c’est-à-dire que le protocole d’accès
aux attributs est règlable.</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">C</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">classattr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;a class attribute&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cobj</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classattr</span>
<span class="go">&#39;a class attribute&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insattr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;an instance attribute&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">insattr</span>
<span class="go">&#39;an instance attribute&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">C</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;classattr&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">&#39;a class attribute&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">cobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;insattr&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="go">&#39;an instance attribute&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>les attributs ne sont pas systématiquement encapsulées en python.</p>
<p>pour contrôler l’accès aux attributs, on utilise les méthodes spéciales:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="fm">__getattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="fm">__setattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">AnObject</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="o">......</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__setattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;src&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="c1">#do something</span>
<span class="c1"># this will assign the real object.name,</span>
<span class="c1">#despite __setattr__</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__dict__</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">val</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__getattr__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">func</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">AttributeError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">...</span> <span class="n">deal</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">missing</span> <span class="n">method</span> <span class="o">...</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">func</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">getattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;method&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">callable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>un <strong>attribut</strong> spécial : <cite>__slots__</cite></li>
</ul>
<p>permet de fixer les attributs possibles d’une classe</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="vm">__slots__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;a&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;b&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s2">&quot;c&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bar</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;toto&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span>
<span class="go">&#39;toto&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;titi&quot;</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">?</span>
<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;Bar&#39; object has no attribute &#39;d&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="les-slots">
<h3>les slots<a class="headerlink" href="#les-slots" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h3>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="first admonition-title">Important</p>
<p class="last">l’encapsulation n’est pas une condition de base de la programmation
par objects, surtout que le contrôle nuit à l’agilité.</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Point</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="vm">__slots__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;x&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;y&#39;</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Point</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">3</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">z</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
File <span class="nb">&quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;</span>, line <span class="m">1</span>, in <span class="n">&lt;module&gt;</span>
<span class="gr">AttributeError</span>: <span class="n">&#39;Point&#39; object has no attribute &#39;z&#39;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>notation <cite>|</cite> et notation <cite>&gt;</cite></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Test</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">nombre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__or__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__lshift__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">other</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span>
<span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Test</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Test</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">t2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">t2</span>
<span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">t2</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nombre</span>
</pre></div>
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