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en and fr python3 courses
2018-08-21 10:25:44 +02:00
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<title>La librairie standard &#8212; Documentation Formation Python 1</title>
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<h1>&nbsp; &nbsp; Programmation python</h1>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
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<div class="section" id="la-librairie-standard">
<h1>La <a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#term-librairie-standard"><span class="xref std std-term">librairie standard</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#la-librairie-standard" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h1>
<div class="section" id="module-builtins">
<span id="les-builtins"></span><h2>les builtins<a class="headerlink" href="#module-builtins" title="Lien permanent vers ce titre"></a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-builtins" title="builtins: les fonctions directement à disposition sans import spécifique"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">builtins</span></code></a>, tout ce qui est accessible directement</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">dir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;__builtins__&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&#39;__add__&#39;, &#39;__class__&#39;, &#39;__contains__&#39;, &#39;__delattr__&#39;, &#39;__doc__&#39;, &#39;__eq__&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;__format__&#39;, &#39;__ge__&#39;, &#39;__getattribute__&#39;, &#39;__getitem__&#39;, &#39;__getnewargs__&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;__getslice__&#39;, &#39;__gt__&#39;, &#39;__hash__&#39;, &#39;__init__&#39;, &#39;__le__&#39;, &#39;__len__&#39;, &#39;__lt__&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;__mod__&#39;, &#39;__mul__&#39;, &#39;__ne__&#39;, &#39;__new__&#39;, &#39;__reduce__&#39;, &#39;__reduce_ex__&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;__repr__&#39;, &#39;__rmod__&#39;, &#39;__rmul__&#39;, &#39;__setattr__&#39;, &#39;__sizeof__&#39;, &#39;__str__&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;__subclasshook__&#39;, &#39;_formatter_field_name_split&#39;, &#39;_formatter_parser&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;capitalize&#39;, &#39;center&#39;, &#39;count&#39;, &#39;decode&#39;, &#39;encode&#39;, &#39;endswith&#39;, &#39;expandtabs&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;find&#39;, &#39;format&#39;, &#39;index&#39;, &#39;isalnum&#39;, &#39;isalpha&#39;, &#39;isdigit&#39;, &#39;islower&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;isspace&#39;, &#39;istitle&#39;, &#39;isupper&#39;, &#39;join&#39;, &#39;ljust&#39;, &#39;lower&#39;, &#39;lstrip&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;partition&#39;, &#39;replace&#39;, &#39;rfind&#39;, &#39;rindex&#39;, &#39;rjust&#39;, &#39;rpartition&#39;, &#39;rsplit&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;rstrip&#39;, &#39;split&#39;, &#39;splitlines&#39;, &#39;startswith&#39;, &#39;strip&#39;, &#39;swapcase&#39;, &#39;title&#39;,</span>
<span class="go">&#39;translate&#39;, &#39;upper&#39;, &#39;zfill&#39;]</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-subprocess" title="subprocess: exécuter une commande shell, récupérer le code retour et la sortie"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code></a>, appels systèmes</li>
</ul>
<span class="target" id="module-subprocess"></span><dl class="function">
<dt>
<code class="descname">subprocess.call(args, *, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False)¶</code></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;ls&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;-l&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">0</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">call</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;exit 1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="function">
<dt>
<code class="descname">subprocess.check_output(args, *, stdin=None, stderr=None, shell=False, universal_newlines=False)¶</code></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">check_output</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s2">&quot;echo&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Hello World!&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="go">&#39;Hello World!\n&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">subprocess</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">check_output</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;exit 1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shell</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
<span class="c">...</span>
<span class="gr">subprocess.CalledProcessError</span>: <span class="n">Command &#39;exit 1&#39; returned non-zero exit status 1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sys" title="sys: paramètres et fonctions systèmes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></code></a>, paramètres et fonctions systèmes</li>
</ul>
<span class="target" id="module-sys"></span><dl class="envvar">
<dt id="envvar-sys.argv">
<code class="descname">sys.argv</code><a class="headerlink" href="#envvar-sys.argv" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>la ligne de commande</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="sys.sys.exit">
<code class="descclassname">sys.</code><code class="descname">exit</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#sys.sys.exit" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>terminer un programme</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="envvar">
<dt id="envvar-sys.path">
<code class="descname">sys.path</code><a class="headerlink" href="#envvar-sys.path" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>ce qu’il y a dans le <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="settings.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a></p>
</dd></dl>
<span class="target" id="module-optparse"></span><ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-optparse" title="optparse: parsing de la ligne de commande"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code></a> pour faire des outils ligne de commande</li>
</ul>
<p>module plus récent : argparse</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd">Module docstring.</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">optparse</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process_command_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Return a 2-tuple: (settings object, args list).</span>
<span class="sd"> `argv` is a list of arguments, or `None` for ``sys.argv[1:]``.</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">argv</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">argv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
<span class="c1"># initialize the parser object:</span>
<span class="n">parser</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">optparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">OptionParser</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">formatter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">optparse</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TitledHelpFormatter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">78</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">add_help_option</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># define options here:</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="c1"># customized description; put --help last</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;-h&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;--help&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;help&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;Show this help message and exit.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># check number of arguments, verify values, etc.:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">parser</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;program takes no command-line arguments; &#39;</span>
<span class="s1">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">&quot; ignored.&#39;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,))</span>
<span class="c1"># further process settings &amp; args if necessary</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">process_command_line</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># application code here, like:</span>
<span class="c1"># run(settings, args)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="c1"># success</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;__main__&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">status</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>les modules de tests unitaires <a class="reference internal" href="#module-unittest" title="unittest: module de tests unitaires"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code></a> et <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">doctests</span></code></li>
</ul>
<span class="target" id="module-unittest"></span><span class="target" id="module-doctest"></span><ul class="simple">
<li>le module <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">xml.etree</span></code> pour parser du xml</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">tree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xml</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;testFile.xml&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">rootElement</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getroot</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">bookList</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">rootElem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">findall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Books&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">bookList</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">book</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bookList</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">#faire quelque chose avec les livres</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-urllib" title="urllib: parse des urls"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code></a> pour parser les urls et les manipuler (<cite>urllib2</cite>)</li>
</ul>
<span class="target" id="module-urllib"></span><dl class="function">
<dt id="urllib.urllib.urlopen">
<code class="descclassname">urllib.</code><code class="descname">urlopen</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>url</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#urllib.urllib.urlopen" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>lit une url distante</p>
</dd></dl>
<span class="target" id="module-time"></span><ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-time" title="time: caculs de temps"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> pour la manipulation de temps</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># Do Stuff Here</span>
<span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clock</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>now</strong></p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span>
<span class="n">now</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">localtime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">dateStr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;%A, %B </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">, %Y, %I:%M %p&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">now</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">dateStr</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<span class="target" id="module-getpass"></span><ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-getpass" title="getpass: recupération des mots de passe en ligne de commande"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code></a> pour gérer les motes de passe</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">getpass</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getpass</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getpass</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">Password:</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">p</span>
<span class="go">&#39;toto&#39;</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<span class="target" id="module-shelve"></span><ul class="simple">
<li>linéarisation de données</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">shelve</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">shelve</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;database&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">{}</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">shelve</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;database&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span>
<span class="go">{}</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;o&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;a&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;b&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;c&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cl</span>
<span class="go">s.clear s.close</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cl</span>
<span class="go">s.clear s.close</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<span class="target" id="module-abc"></span><ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-abc" title="abc: les abstract base classes"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">abc</span></code></a> pour faire des interfaces propres</li>
</ul>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="abc.abc.register">
<code class="descclassname">abc.</code><code class="descname">register</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>subclass</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#abc.abc.register" title="Lien permanent vers cette définition"></a></dt>
<dd><p>exemple</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">abc</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyABC</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">__metaclass__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ABCMeta</span>
<span class="n">MyABC</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">issubclass</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MyABC</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">((),</span> <span class="n">MyABC</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<span class="target" id="module-hotshot"></span><ul class="simple">
<li>le module <a class="reference internal" href="#module-hotshot" title="hotshot: benchmark"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code></a> benchmark</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">hotshot</span>
<span class="n">prof</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">hotshot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Profile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;toto.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">prof</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">runcall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">make_description</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">prof</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>un exemple de librairie externe : <a class="reference internal" href="#module-IPy" title="IPy: traitement des ips en python &lt; python 3.3 remplacé par ipadress"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">IPy</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
<span class="target" id="module-IPy"></span><div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">apt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">get</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">python</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">ipy</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">IPy</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IP</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">ipy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s1">/</span><span class="si">{1}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">make_net</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span> <span class="s2">&quot;marche pas&quot;</span>
<span class="n">network</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ipy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">net</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">broadcast</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ipy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">broadcast</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">broadcast</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">network</span>
</pre></div>
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